For 150 years an English peasant could be blinded and castrated for eating a deer that was standing in his own barley.
William the Conqueror declared whole counties "forest". The word had nothing to do with trees. It meant the king's larder, and at its peak it covered a third of England, villages and farms included.
Inside it, a peasant could not:
- Kill a deer or a boar
- Carry a bow
- Keep a dog with all its toes
- Fence the deer out of his crops
- Gather fallen wood without paying
- Clear an acre to grow food
The penalty for taking a deer, as restated in 1198: both eyes and both testicles.
Inside the same boundary, the king could:
- Eat all of it
So the deer ate the peasant's crop, the king ate the deer, and the peasant ate what remained, which was oats, beans and cabbage boiled in a pot until it gave up.
No English king ever had to order the poor onto plants. Owning every animal did the job for him.
900 years on, the people most anxious that you eat less meat are, once again, not planning to join you.
Every three years in medieval England, the king's men went from cottage to cottage cutting the toes off the peasants' dogs.
It was called lawing. The dog's forefoot went on a block of wood, a chisel was set across three claws, and they came off with one blow of a mallet. The Charter of the Forest, 1217, records the correct method: three claws of the forefoot, but not the ball.
A dog with three toes missing cannot run down a deer. That was the entire purpose. A third of England was royal forest, every animal in it belonged to the king, and a poor man's dog was the one piece of hunting equipment he could not be stopped from owning. So they left him the dog and took its feet.
If the inspectors found yours intact, the fine was three shillings, about a month's wages. Before 1217 they simply took your ox.
No law ever told that man he could not eat meat. The law took his bow, his dog's toes and his right to the wood, then left him entirely free to work out the rest for himself. He worked it out. He ate oats and beans, and he raised children who ate oats and beans.
That is how it is always done. Meat is never banned for the poor. It just becomes, by one sensible regulation after another, impossible to get.
Count the sensible regulations being drafted for your dinner this year.
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